第05章 方法——技术分析

Will this stock rise or fall? Should you go long or short? Traders reach for a multitude of tools to find answers to these questions. Many tie themselves into knots trying to choose between pattern recognition, computerized indicators, artificial intelligence, or even astrology for some desperate souls.

股票是涨还是跌？你是该做多，还是做空？交易者研究很多工具，就是为了找到答案。很多人钻牛角尖，迷失在模式确认，电脑指标，人工智能，甚至是绝望的灵魂研究占星术之中。

No one can learn all the analytic methods, just as no one can master every field of medicine. A physician cannot become a specialist in heart surgery, obstetrics, and psychiatry. No trader can know everything about the markets. You have to find a niche that attracts you and specialize in it.

没有人可以学完所有的分析方法，就像没有人可以学好医学的所有学科一样。一个内科医生不能成为心脏科专家，不会成为产科专家，也不会成为心理学家。没有一个交易者能了解市场的方方面面。你必须找到一个最适合你的方法和定位，这样才会吸引你专心研究。

Markets emit huge volumes of information. Our tools help organize these flows into a manageable form. It is important to select analytic tools and techniques that make sense to you, put them together into a coherent system, and focus on money management. When we make our trading decisions at the right edge of the chart, we deal with probabilities, not certainties. If you want certainty, go to the middle of the chart and try to find a broker who will accept your orders.

市场会发出大量的信息。我们的工具能帮我们把这些信息形成可以管理的形式。选择适合你的分析工具和技术是很重要的，把它们和一致的系统结合起来，还要注意资金管理。当我们根据图表制定好交易决定时，我们要思考可能性，不是肯定性。如果你想要肯定性，找到图中的一个点，看看哪个经纪人会接受你的订单。

This chapter on technical analysis shows how one trader goes about analyzing markets. Use it as a model for choosing your favorite tools, rather than following it slavishly. Test any method you like on your own data because only personal testing will convert information into knowledge and make these methods your own.

本章谈技术分析，会告诉你一个交易者是如何分析市场的。找到一个模式，作为你最喜欢的工具，而不要奴隶般地追随。你要用你自己的数据来测试这个方法，只有亲自测试才会把信息转变成知识，才会成为自己的方法。

Many concepts in this book are illustrated with charts. I selected them from a broad range of markets - stocks as well as futures. Technical analysis is a universal language, even though the accents differ. You can apply what you’ve learned from the chart of IBM to silver or Japanese yen. I trade mostly in the United States, but have used the same methods in Germany, Russia, Singapore, and Australia. Knowing the language of technical analysis enables you to read any market in the world.

本书中的很多观念都配了图。是我从很多市场里面选的——包括股票和期货市场。技术分析是一个全世界通用的语言，尽管大家的方言不同。你可以把从IBM股票图上学到的东西应用到银或日元上面。我的交易大部分在美国，但是同样的方法我在德国，俄罗斯，新加坡和澳大利亚都用过。懂了技术分析的语言，你就能认识全世界的任何市场。

Analysis is hard, but trading is much harder. Charts reflect what has happened. Indicators reveal the balance of power between bulls and bears. Analysis is not an end in itself, unless you get a job as an analyst for a company. Our job as traders is to make decisions to buy, sell, or stand aside on the basis of our analysis.

分析很难，但交易更难。图表反映了过去发生的事。指标反映了多头和空头的力量均衡。分析不是终结，除非你找到的工作就是做分析师。我们作为交易者，我们的工作是根据我们的分析来决定买，卖或观望。

After reviewing each chart, you need to go to its hard right edge and decide whether to bet on bulls, bet on bears, or stand aside. You must follow up chart analysis by establishing profit targets, setting stops, and applying money management rules.

当你看好图表以后，你要做更艰难的决定，赌涨，赌跌，或者是观望。你必须根据你的图表分析做这些决定，你的利润目标，设置止损点，运用资金管理的原则。

BASIC CHARTING

基本画图方法

A trade is a bet on a price change. You can make money buying low and selling high or shorting high and covering low. Prices are central to our enterprise, yet few traders stop to think what prices are. What exactly are we trying to analyze?

交易就是赌价格的变化。你可以低买高卖赚钱，也可以在高点做空，在低点回补赚钱。价格就是我们的中心，少数交易者会停下来想什么是价格。我们究竟要分析什么？

Financial markets consist of huge crowds of people who meet on the floor of an exchange, on the phone, or via the Internet. We can divide them into three groups: buyers, sellers, and undecided traders. Buyers want to buy as cheaply as possible. Sellers want to sell as expensively as possible. They could take forever to negotiate, but feel pressure from undecided traders. They have to act quickly, before some undecided trader makes up his mind, jumps into the game, and takes away their bargain. Undecided traders are the force that speeds up trading. They are true market participants, as long as they watch the market and have the money to trade it. Each deal is struck in the midst of the market crowd, putting pressure on both buyers and sellers. This is why each trade represents the current emotional state of the entire market crowd.

金融市场里面充满了人，他们通过交易所，电话，互联网相遇。我们可以把他们分为3类：买家，卖家和观望者。买家希望买的越低越好。卖家希望卖的越高越好。他们可以一直进行讨价还价，但是观望者会给他们施加压力。他们必须动作快，以防止观望者做好了决定，跳进这个游戏，把他们的好机会抢走了。观望者是加快交易的推动力量。他们是真正的市场参与者，从他们观察市场到他们交易的时间都是。每笔交易都会打击市场大众，对买家和卖家都造成了压力。这就是为什么说每笔交易都代表了现在市场大众的情绪状态。

Price is a consensus of value of all market participants expressed in action at the moment of the trade.

价格就是这笔交易代表的市场参与者对价值的一致认同。

Many traders have no clear idea what they are trying to analyze. Balance sheets of companies? Pronouncements of the Federal Reserve? Weather reports from soybean-growing states? The cosmic vibrations of Gann theory? Every chart serves as an ongoing poll of the market. Each tick represents a momentary consensus of value of all market participants. High and low prices, the height of every bar, the angle of every trendline, the duration of every pattern reflect aspects of crowd behavior. Recognizing these patterns can help us decide when to bet on bulls or bears.

很多交易者不知道要分析什么。公司的收支平衡表？美联储的宣布？大豆产区的天气预报？江恩理论所说的宇宙振动？每张图表都代表了市场的大众看法。每次价格的跳动代表了市场大众对价值的一致看法。最高价和最低价，成交量的大小，趋势线的角度，每个模式的时间长度都反映了大众的行为。认识这些模式能帮助我们做决定，赌涨还是赌跌。

During an election campaign pollsters call thousands of people asking how they’ll vote. Well-designed polls have predictive value, which is why politicians pay for them. Financial markets run on a two-party system - bulls and bears, with a huge silent majority of undecided traders who may throw their weight to either party. Technical analysis is a poll of market participants. If bulls are on top, we should cover shorts and go long. If bears are stronger, we should go short. If an election is too close to call, a wise trader stands aside. Standing aside is a legitimate market position and the only one in which you can’t lose money.

在竞选的时候，民意调查公司会打电话给群众了解他们是如何投票的。一个设计优良的民意调查表会有预测上的价值，所以政治家愿意为此掏钱。金融市场有2种走法——多头和空头，大量的沉默的观望着随时可以决定加入多头或空头。技术分析是市场参与者的投票。如果多头占优势，我们应该回补空头仓位并做多。如果空头占优势，我们应该做空。如果大选来临，聪明的交易者观望。观望是很合理的方法，这是唯一的不亏钱的方法。

Individual behavior is difficult to predict. Crowds are much more primitive and their behavior more repetitive and predictable. Our job is not to argue with the crowd, telling it what’s rational or irrational. We need to identify crowd behavior and decide how likely it is to continue. If the trend is up and we find that the crowd is growing more optimistic, we should trade that market from the long side. When we find that the crowd is becoming less optimistic, it is time to sell. If the crowd seems confused, we should stand aside and wait for the market to make up its mind.

个人行为很难预测。大众更原始，更容易重复，更容易预测。我们的工作是不要和大众争论，不要告诉他们什么是理性的或非理性的。我们需要确认大众的行为，决定可能会如何继续。如果趋势是上涨的，我们发现大众越来越乐观，我们应该做多。当我们发现大众变得不再乐观，那就是卖的时候了。如果大众很困惑，我们应该观望，等待市场做出决定。

The Meaning of Prices

价格的意义

Highs and lows, opening and closing prices, intraday swings and weekly ranges reflect crowd behavior. Our charts, indicators, and technical tools are windows into the mass psychology of the markets. You have to be clear about what you are studying if you want to get closer to the truth.

最高点和最低点，开盘价和收盘价，当天波动和每周波动都反映了大众的行为。我们的图表，指标和技术工具是市场大众心理的窗口。如果你想了解事实，就要很清楚你在研究的东西。

Many market participants have backgrounds in science and engineering and are often tempted to apply the principles of physics. For example, they may try to filter out the noise of a trading range to obtain a clear signal of a trend. Those methods can help, but they cannot be converted into automatic trading systems because the markets are not physical processes. They are reflections of crowd psychology, which follows different, less precise laws. In physics, if you calculate everything, you’ll predict where a process will take you. Not so in the markets, where a crowd can always throw you a curve. Here you have to act within this atmosphere of uncertainty, which is why you must protect yourself with good money management.

很多市场参与者有科学和工程方面的背景，他们经常会情不自禁使用物理原理。比如，他们也许要过滤出交易区间的噪音，想得到明显的趋势信号。他们的方法可以起帮助，但是他们不能直接转换成交易系统，因为市场不是物理过程。市场放映了大众心理，市场反应是不同的，反映的是不准定律。在物理学上，如果你计算了什么，它会告诉你结果是什么。市场不会这样，大众总是欺骗你。在市场里你必须在不确定的气氛里行动，这也是为何要做好资金管理的原因。

The Open The opening price, the first price of the day, is marked on a bar chart by a tick pointing to the left. An opening price reflects the influx of overnight orders. Who placed those orders? A dentist who read a tip in a magazine after dinner, a teacher whose broker touted a trade but who needed his wife’s permission to buy, a financial officer of a slow-moving institution who sat in a meeting all day waiting for his idea to be approved by a committee. They are the people who place orders before the open. Opening prices reflect opinions of less informed market participants.

开盘 开盘价，每天的第1个价格，是竹线图（张轶注：竹线和K线不太一样，本书作者用的都是竹线，请注意）上面指向左边的小横线。开盘价反映了头天晚上订单的汇集情况。谁下的订单？一个牙医在饭后的杂志上读到了一个消息，一个教师的经纪人卖给他一个交易机会，但他需要他妻子的保证金来买，一个金融官员在市场平静的状况下，坐在会议室里等待他的意见被委员会批准。这些人都是在开盘前下单的人。开盘价反映了消息不灵通人士的观点。

When outsiders buy or sell, who takes the opposite side of their trades? Market professionals step in to help, only they do not run a charity. If floor traders see more buy orders coming in, they open the market higher, forcing outsiders to overpay. The pros go short, so that the slightest dip makes them money. If the crowd is fearful before the opening and sell orders predominate, the floor opens the market very low. They acquire their goods on the cheap, so that the slightest bounce earns them short-term profits.

当场外的人买卖时，谁在和他们反向交易呢？市场专业人士来帮忙，他们可不是做慈善事业。如果场内交易者看见很多买单进来，他们会把开盘价提高点，逼场外的交易者多付钱。专业人士做空，这样最小的下跌也能赚钱。如果大众很恐惧，在开盘前大多是卖，场内的开盘就很低。他们买卖的产品都是低价，一个轻微的反弹都能让他们短期赚钱。

The opening price establishes the first balance of the day between outsiders and insiders, amateurs and professionals. If you are a short-term trader, pay attention to the opening range - the high and the low of the first 15 to 30 minutes of trading. Most opening ranges are followed by breakouts, which are important because they show who is taking control of the market. Several intraday trading systems are based on following opening range breakouts.

开盘价代表了当天场外交易者，场内交易者，业余选手和专业人士的第一个平衡。如果你是短线交易者，要关注开盘后交易区间——开盘后15——30分钟内交易的最高点和最低点。很多开盘后交易区间之后就是突破，这个很重要，因为它们告诉你谁在控制市场。一些日内交易系统的信号就是根据开盘后交易区间形成突破给出的。

One of the best opportunities to enter a trade occurs when the market gaps at the open in the direction opposite your intended trade. Suppose you analyze a market at night and your system tells you to buy a stock. A piece of bad news hits the market overnight, sell orders come in, and that stock opens sharply lower. Once prices stabilize within the opening range, if you are still bullish and that range is above your planned stop-loss point, place your buy order a few ticks above the high of the opening range, with a stop below. You may pick up good merchandise on sale!

有一个最好的进场机会，就在市场的开盘缺口出现在你要进场的反向。假如你晚上分析，你的系统告诉你要买股票。当晚有个坏消息冲击市场，卖单出现，开盘时非常低。一旦价格在开盘后交易区间稳定了，你觉得还是要涨，而且开盘后交易区间还是比你的止损点高，用比现价高几个基点（张轶注：这个词是自创的，因为没人知道如何翻译tick这个单词，它的本意是价格的8分之1，16分之1等）的价格买入，止损点要设在下面。你可能会找到了一个很好的买卖！

The High Why do prices go up? The standard answer - more buyers than sellers - makes no sense because for every trade there is a buyer and a seller. The market goes up when buyers have more money and are more enthusiastic than sellers.

最高价 价格为什么上涨？标准答案——买家比卖家多——这个解释没有意义，因为任何一笔交易都包含了买家和卖家。市场上涨的原因是买家的钱更多，比卖家更有激情。

Buyers make money when prices go up. Each uptick adds to their profits. They feel flushed with success, keep buying, call friends and tell them to buy - this thing is going up! Eventually, prices rise to a level where bulls have no more money to spare and some start taking profits. Bears see the market as overpriced and hit it with sales. The market stalls, turns, and begins to fall, leaving behind the high point of the day. That point marks the greatest power of bulls for that day.

当价格上涨时，买家就赚钱。每上涨一个基点，利润就会增加。他们被成功包围了，继续买，打电话给朋友们，叫他们买——这样就涨上去了！最终，价格涨到某个点，多头没钱了，一些人开始兑现利润。空头看见市场被高估，开始卖出袭击市场。市场涨不上去了，反转，开始下跌，留下了当天的最高点。这个最高点标志了当天最强的力量。

The high of every bar reflects the maximum power of bulls during that bar. It shows how high bulls could lift the market during that time period. The high of a daily bar reflects the maximum power of bulls during that day, the high of a weekly bar shows the maximum power of bulls during that week, and the high of a five-minute bar shows their maximum power in those five minutes.

每个竹线的最高点都反映了多头的最大力量。这表明当时多头可以拉升的最大高度。日线图中竹线的最高点反映了当日多头的最大力量，周线图中竹线的最高点反映了当周多头的最大力量，5分钟图中竹线的最高点反映了当时5分钟多头的最大力量。

The Low Bears make money when prices fall, with each downtick making money for short sellers. As prices slide, bulls become more and more skittish. They cut back their buying and step aside, figuring they’ll be able to pick up what they want cheaper at a later time. When buyers pull in their horns, it becomes easier for bears to push prices lower, and the decline continues.

最低点 当价格下跌时，空头赚钱，做空时，价格每下跌一个基点都会赚钱。当价格下跌时，多头越来越担心。他们止损观望，心里想，等价格便宜再去买。当买家吹响号角时，空头更容易地把价格压低，继续下跌。

It takes money to sell stocks short, and a fall in prices slows down when bears start running low on money. Bullish bargain hunters appear on the scene. Experienced traders recognize what’s happening and start covering shorts and going long. Prices rally from their lows, leaving behind the low mark - the lowest tick of the day.

做空股票是要花钱的，当空头的钱快用完时，下跌就会减速。此时，多头狩猎者出现了。有经验的交易者认识到现状，开始回补做空的仓位，并做多。价格从最低点反弹，留下了最低点的标志——当天的最低点。

The low point of each bar reflects the maximum power of bears during that bar. The lowest point of a daily bar reflects the maximum power of bears during that day, the low point of a weekly bar shows the maximum power of bears during that week, and the low of a five-minute bar shows the maximum power of bears during those five minutes. Several years ago I designed an indicator, called Elder-ray, for tracking the relative power of bulls and bears by measuring how far the high and the low of each bar get away from the average price.

最低点反映了当时空头的最大力量。日线图中竹线的最低点反映了当天空头的最大力量，周线图中竹线的最低点反映了当周空头的最大力量，5分钟图中竹线的最低点反映了当时5分钟空头的最大力量。几年前我发明了一个指标，叫艾尔德射线，利用最高点，最低点与均价之间的距离来跟踪多头和空头的力量。

The Close The closing price is marked on a bar chart by a tick pointing to the right. It reflects the final consensus of value for the day. This is the price at which most people look in their daily newspapers. It is especially important in the futures markets, because the settlement of trading accounts depends on it.

收盘价 收盘价是竹线图上朝右的小短横线。它反映了当天对价值的一致认同。这是大多数看报纸的人认可的当天价格。收盘价在期货中很重要，因为账户的结算是依据收盘价的。

Professional traders monitor markets throughout the day. Early in the day they take advantage of opening prices, selling high openings and buying low openings, and then unwinding those positions. Their normal mode of operations is to fade - trade against - market extremes and for the return to normalcy. When prices reach a new high and stall, professionals sell, nudging the market down. When prices stabilize after a fall, they buy, helping the market rally.

专业交易者整天观察市场。早上他们占开盘价的便宜，开盘价高就卖，开盘价低就买，然后对冲这些仓位。他们的做法很隐蔽——反向交易——对抗市场的极限，这样市场就能回到常态。当价格到达新高并停下来时，专业人士就卖，推动市场下跌。当市场下跌趋缓时，他们买，帮助市场反弹。

The waves of buying and selling by amateurs that hit the market at the opening usually subside as the day goes on. Outsiders have done what they planned to do, and near the closing time the market is dominated by professional traders.

业余选手的买卖对市场造成的冲击，通常都会慢慢消失。场外交易者已经完成了他们计划的事，在接近收盘时，专业人士控制了市场。

Closing prices reflect the opinions of professionals. Look at any chart, and you’ll see how often the opening and closing ticks are at the opposite ends of a price bar. This is because amateurs and professionals tend to be on the opposite sides of trades.

收盘价反映了专业人士的观点。不管看哪个图，你会经常发现开盘价和收盘价在竹线图的另一端。这是因为业余选手和专业人士交易方向是反的。

Candlesticks and Point and Figure Bar charts are most widely used for tracking prices, but there are other methods. Candlestick charts became popular in the West in the 1990s. Each candle represents a day of trading with a body and two wicks, one above and another below. The body reflects the spread between the opening and closing prices. The tip of the upper wick reaches the highest price of the day and the lower wick the lowest price of the day. Candlestick chartists believe that the relationship between the opening and closing prices is the most important piece of daily data. If prices close higher than they opened, the body of the candle is white, but if prices close lower, the body is black.

K线图（张轶注：K线的英语就是蜡烛），点数图和竹线图运用很广，可以用来跟踪价格，但还有其它方法。90年代K线图在西方很流行。每个K线图由一条蜡烛和2个灯芯组成，1个在上面，另1个在下面。蜡烛的主体反映了开盘价和收盘价的差距。上面灯芯的最高点指到当天的最高价，下面的灯芯指到当天的最低价。K线看图者认为开盘价和收盘之间的关系是当天数据中最重要的。如果收盘价比开盘价高，蜡烛体是白的，如果收盘价比开盘价低，蜡烛体是黑的。

The height of a candle body and the length of its wicks reflect the battles between bulls and bears. Those patterns, as well as patterns formed by several neighboring candles, provide useful insights into the power struggle in the markets and can help us decide whether to go long or short.

蜡烛体的高度，以及灯芯的长度都反映了多头和空头的斗争。这些模式，包括前后几根K线组成的模式，提供了对市场斗争深刻认识，可以帮我们决定是做多，还是做空。

The trouble with candles is they are too fat. I can glance at a computer screen with a bar chart and see five to six months of daily data, without squeezing the scale. Put a candlestick chart in the same space, and you’ll be lucky to get two months of data on the screen. Ultimately, a candlestick chart doesn’t reveal anything more than a bar chart. If you draw a normal bar chart and pay attention to the relationships of opening and closing prices, augmenting that with several technical indicators, you’ll be able to read the markets just as well and perhaps better. Candlestick charts are useful for some but not all traders. If you like them, use them. If not, focus on your bar charts and don’t worry about missing something essential.

蜡烛的麻烦就是太胖了。在电脑屏幕上，竹线图可以看5，6月的日线图，不需要挤小。把K线图放在同样的屏幕上，幸运的话，你能看见2个月的数据。最后，K线图并没有比竹线图提供更多的信息。如果你画普通的竹线图，观察开盘价和收盘价，加上几个指标，你就能看清市场，也许更清楚。K线图适合一些人，但不适合所有的交易者。如果你喜欢，就用吧。如果不喜欢，专注于竹线图，不必担心会丢失什么关键的东西。

Point and figure (P&F) charts are based solely on prices, ignoring volume. They differ from bar and candlestick charts by having no horizontal time scale. When markets become inactive, P&F charts stop drawing because they add a new column of X’s and O’s only when prices change beyond a certain trigger point. P&F charts make congestion areas stand out, helping traders find support and resistance and providing targets for reversals and profit taking. P&F charts are much older than bar charts. Professionals in the pits sometimes scribble them on the backs of their trading decks.

点数图仅建立在价格的基础上，不关心成交量。点数图和竹线图，K线图都不同，它没有水平的时间。当市场平静时，点数图停止画图，因为它只在特定的点画很多X和O。点数图让拥挤的地方变得明显，帮助交易者发现支撑点和压力点，提供反转目标和利润目标。点数图比竹线图还古老。场内专业人士有时会爬在交易桌上的点数图里涂涂画画。

Choosing a chart is a matter of personal choice. Pick the one that feels most comfortable. I prefer bar charts but know many serious traders who like P&F charts or candlestick charts.

选择哪种图是个人的选择。选择你觉得最舒服的图。我喜欢竹线图，但也知道很多认真的交易者喜欢点数图和K线图。

The Reality of the Chart

图的现实

Price ticks coalesce into bars, and bars into patterns, as the crowd writes its emotional diary on the screen. Successful traders learn to recognize a few patterns and trade them. They wait for a familiar pattern to emerge like fishermen wait for a nibble at a riverbank where they fished many times in the past.

价格的波动形成竹线图，竹线图形成模式，大众每天都在屏幕上写上他们的情绪。成功的交易者学习认识一些模式，然后交易。他们等待熟悉的模式出现，就像渔夫一样，过去已经这样钓了很多次鱼，现在还是在等待鱼儿上钩。

Many amateurs jump from one stock to another, but professionals tend to trade the same markets for years. They learn their intended catch’s personality, its habits and quirks. When professionals see a short-term bottom in a familiar stock, they recognize a bargain and buy. Their buying checks the decline and pushes the stock up. When prices rise, the pros reduce their buying, but amateurs rush in, sucked in by the good news. When markets become overvalued, professionals start unloading their inventory. Their selling checks the rise and pushes the market down. Amateurs become spooked and start dumping their holdings, accelerating the decline. Once weak holders have been shaken out, prices slide to the level where professionals see a bottom, and the cycle repeats.

很多业余选手从这个股票跳到那个股票，但是专业人士愿意在同一个市场里交易多年。他们在学习捕手的个性，习惯和变化。当专业人士看见了一个短期的底，他发现很便宜，就会买。他们的买单把股票推高。当价格上涨时，专业人士开始减仓，但是业余选手却在往里冲，被利好消息套住了。当市场被高估时，专业人士开始平仓。他们的卖单把市场向下推。业余选手害怕了，开始出货，加速了下跌。当没有信心的持有人出场后，价格又跌到专业人士认可的底部，如此循环。

That cycle is not mathematically perfect, which is why mechanical systems tend not to work. Using technical indicators requires judgment. Before we review specific chart patterns, let us agree on the basic definitions:

这个循环没有数学上的那么完美，这也是为什么机械交易系统不行的原因。使用技术指标的同时需要判断。在我们研究具体的模式前，让我们先同意这些基本的定义。

An uptrend is a pattern in which most rallies reach a higher point than the preceding rally; most declines stop at a higher level than the preceding decline.

上涨趋势是一种模式，在这种模式下，大部分都是新高点都比前一个高点高。大部分回调的最低点都比前一个回调的最低点高。

A downtrend is a pattern in which most declines fall to a lower point than the preceding decline; most rallies rise to a lower level than the preceding rally.

下跌趋势是一种模式，在这种模式下，大部分都是新低点都比前一个低点低。大部分反弹的最高点都比前一个反弹的最高点低。

An uptrendline is a line connecting two or more adjacent bottoms, slanting upwards; if we draw a line parallel to it across the tops, we’ll have a trading channel.

一条上涨趋势线是连接了2个或多个相邻底部的线，是斜向上的。如果我们在顶部画一条平行线，形成交易通道。

A downtrendline is a line connecting two or more adjacent tops, slanting down; one can draw a parallel line across the bottoms, marking a trading channel.

一条下跌趋势线是连接了2个或多个相邻顶部的线，是斜向下的。如果我们在底部画一条平行线，形成交易通道。

Support is marked by a horizontal line connecting two or more adjacent bottoms. One can often draw a parallel line across the tops, marking a trading range.

支撑点是连接2个或多个相邻底部的水平线。通常在顶部也画条平行线，形成交易区间。

Resistance is marked by a horizontal line connecting two or more adjacent tops. One can often draw a parallel line below, across the bottoms, to mark a trading range.

压力点是连接2个或多个相邻顶部的水平线。通常在底部也画条平行线，形成交易区间。

Tops and Bottoms The tops of rallies mark the areas of the maximum power of bulls. They would love to lift prices even higher and make more money, but that’s where they get overpowered by bears. The bottoms of declines, on the other hand, are the areas of maximum power of bears. They would love to push prices even lower and profit from short positions, but they get overpowered by bulls.

顶部和底部 顶部显示了多头的最大力量。他们也想把价格抬的更高，赚更多钱，但是空头的力量会超过他们。相反，下跌的底部，是空头的最大力量。他们也想把价格压得更低，赚更多钱，但是多头的力量会超过他们。

Use a computer or a ruler to draw a line, connecting nearby tops. If it slants up, it shows that bulls are becoming stronger, which is a good thing to know if you plan to trade from the long side. If that line slants down, it shows that bulls are becoming weaker, and buying is not such a good idea.

利用电脑或标尺画线，连接附近的顶点。如果线向上倾斜，说明多头变强了，你想做多，这是好事。如果线向下倾斜，说明多头变弱了，买入不是好主意。

Trendlines applied to market bottoms help visualize changes in the power of bears. When a line connecting two nearby bottoms slants down, it shows that bears are growing stronger, and short selling is a good option. If that line slants up, however, it shows that bears are becoming weaker.

把趋势线用到市场的底部可以帮助认识空头力量的变化。如果2个相邻底部的连线下跌，这说明空头的力量在变强，做空是比较好的选择。如果线向上倾斜，那就说明空头变弱了。

When the lines connecting the tops and the lines connecting the bottoms are close to horizontal, the market is locked in a trading range. We can either wait for a breakout or trade short-term swings within that range.

如果连接顶部的线和连接底部的线接近水平，那就说明市场锁在一个交易区间内。我们可以等突破，也可以在区间内上下操作。

Uptrendlines and Downtrendlines Prices often appear to travel along invisible roads. When peaks rise higher at each successive rally, prices are in an uptrend. When bottoms keep falling lower and lower, prices are in a downtrend.

上涨趋势线和下跌趋势线 价格经常沿着看不见的路线运行。当高点越来越高，价格就在上涨趋势。如果底部越来越低，价格就在下跌趋势。

We can identify uptrends by drawing trendlines connecting the bottoms of declines. We use bottoms to identify an uptrend because the peaks of rallies tend to be expansive, uneven affairs during uptrends. The declines tend to be more orderly, and when you connect them with a trendline, you get a truer picture of that uptrend.

我们可以利用连接底部的趋势线确认上涨趋势。我们用底部来确认上涨趋势是因为顶点一般比较涨的过头，在上涨时这样不太公平。中途的下跌比较有序，当你用趋势线来连接，你会发现清楚的上涨趋势。

We identify downtrends by drawing trendlines across the peaks of rallies. Each new low in a downtrend tends to be lower than the preceding low, but the panic among weak holders can make bottoms irregularly sharp. Drawing a downtrendline across the tops of rallies paints a more correct picture of that downtrend.

我们可以利用连接顶部的趋势线来确认下跌趋势。每个新的低点一般都会比前一个低点低，但是没有信心的持有者会让底部看起来是不规则的。在顶部画趋势线能显示清楚的下跌趋势。

The most important feature of a trendline is the direction of its slope. When it rises, the bulls are in control, and when it declines, the bears are in charge. The longer the trendline and the more points of contact it has with prices, the more valid it is. The angle of a trendline reflects the emotional temperature of the crowd. Quiet, shallow trends can last a long time. As trends accelerate, trendlines have to be redrawn, making them steeper. When they rise or fall at 60° or more, their breaks tend to lead to major reversals. This sometimes happens near the tail ends of runaway moves.

趋势线的最重要特征是它的坡度。当它上涨时，多头在控制市场；当它下跌时，空头在控制市场。趋势线越长，和价格的交界处越多，趋势线就越有价值。趋势线的角度反映了大众的情绪温度。安静，很小的趋势能持续很长时间。当趋势加速时，趋势线需要重画，这样看起来更陡峭。如果它们上涨或下跌达到60度或更多，它们的暂停可能导致巨大的反转。有时这些发生在逃跑的时候。

Figure 5.1 Trendlines; Kangaroo Tails

图5.1 趋势线；袋鼠尾巴

Draw uptrendlines across the bottoms to mark uptrends. Draw downtrendlines across the tops to mark downtrends. Notice that prices can briefly penetrate a trendline without breaking the trend. Observe that prices seem attached to their trendlines with rubber bands that extend only so far in any given trend. You want to establish positions in the direction of the slope of a trendline, entering reasonably close to it. By the time the trend reaches a new high or low, that swing away from the trendline is getting old - there is not much life left in the old dog. At the right edge of this chart the trend is down and the swing has fallen as far below its trendline as any since May. If you are short, it is time to start thinking of taking profits.

通过底部画的趋势线是为了指出上涨的趋势。通过顶部画的趋势线是为了指出下跌的趋势。请注意，价格可以快速刺穿趋势线而不会改变趋势。价格看起来就像和趋势线被橡皮筋绑在了一起，它们会朝同一个方向运动。如果你想顺着趋势线的方向建仓，你要尽量接近它。当价格达到新高或新低时，离开趋势线的波动是老把戏了——老狗的把戏不多了。在本图的右边，趋势是下跌，自从5月份以来趋势线是下跌的。如果你没有做空，那么也该思考兑现利润了。

Notice several bars that stick out of the tight weave of prices at the bottoms in May, November, and April, as well as the latest top in May. Those are kangaroo tails, which tend to mark turning points. The market tests a new high or a new low with a bar that is much taller than the preceding and following bars, and then recoils from that price extreme. You can recognize a tail during the bar that follows, and trade against it.

注意到有几条竹线伸出了价格的波动范围，5月，11月，4月的底部，以及最后一个5月的顶部。那些是袋鼠的尾巴，标志了反转点。市场会利用很长的竹线来测试新高和新低，然后又从极端情况恢复。你可以根据后面的竹线认出这条尾巴，按照反方向交易。

You can plot these lines using a ruler or a computer. It is better to draw trendlines as well as support and resistance lines across the edges of congestion areas instead of price extremes. Congestion areas reflect crowd behavior, while the extreme points show only the panic among the weakest crowd members.

你可以用标尺或电话画这些线。画趋势线，支撑线和压力线时，最好找价格密集区，不要找极端的价格。价格密集区反映了大众行为，而极端价格仅仅是大众中间弱小群体的惊慌表现。

Tails - The Kangaroo Pattern Trends take a long time to form, but tails are created in just a few days. They provide valuable insights into market psychology, mark reversal areas, and point to trading opportunities.

尾巴——袋鼠模式 趋势需要很长的时间才能形成，但是尾巴几天就形成了。它们可以让我们深刻认识市场心理，标出反转区，指出交易机会。

A tail is a one-day spike in the direction of a trend, followed by a reversal. It takes a minimum of three bars to create a tail - relatively narrow bars in the beginning and at the end, with an extremely wide bar in the middle. That middle bar is the tail, but you won’t know for sure until the following day, when a bar has sharply narrowed back at the base, letting the tail hang out. A tail sticks out from a tight weave of prices - you can’t miss it.

一条尾巴是趋势里面1天内出现的钉子，紧跟着反转。形成一条尾巴至少需要3条竹线——一般在开始和结束的竹线很短，中间的竹线特别长。中间的竹线就是尾巴，但是你当时不能肯定，要等到第2天，当竹线变短，让尾巴突出的时候。一条尾巴在紧密的价格中突出——你不会错过的。

A kangaroo, unlike a horse or a dog, propels itself by pushing with its tail. You can always tell which way a kangaroo is going to jump - opposite its tail. When the tail points north, the kangaroo jumps south, and when the tail points south, it jumps north. Market tails tend to occur at turning points in the markets, which recoil from them like kangaroos recoil from their tails. A tail does not forecast the extent of a move, but the first jump usually lasts a few days, offering a trading opportunity. You can do well by recognizing tails and trading against them.

袋鼠，和马不同，和狗不同，袋鼠靠尾巴推动前进。你总是知道袋鼠要朝哪个方向跳——和它的尾巴方向相反。当尾巴指向北面，袋鼠就往南面跳；当尾巴指向南面，袋鼠就往北面跳。市场的尾巴一般会在市场要反转的时候出现，这是恢复的过程，和袋鼠回收尾巴一样。一条尾巴不能预测波动的程度，但是最初的波动会持续几天，提供了交易机会。你只要认出尾巴并反向交易，你就可以做的很好。

Before you trade any pattern, you must understand what it tells you about the market. Why do markets jump away from their tails?

在你根据任何模式交易之前，你必须明白模式告诉了你什么信息。为什么市场的方向和尾巴的方向相反？

Exchanges are owned by members who profit from volume rather than trends. Markets fluctuate, looking for price levels that will bring the highest volume of orders. Members do not know where those levels are, but they keep probing higher and lower. A tail shows that the market has tested a certain price level and rejected it.

交易所有很多会员，这些会员靠成交量赚钱，不是靠趋势赚钱。市场波动，为了达到某种程度，以造成最大的成交量出现。会员不知道波动的程度，但他们会不断测试高点和低点。尾巴说明市场测试到了某种程度，需要反其道而行。

If a market stabs down and recoils, it shows that lower prices do not attract volume. The natural thing for the market to do next is rally and test higher levels to see whether higher prices will bring more volume. If the market stabs higher and recoils, leaving a tail pointing upward, it shows that higher prices do not attract volume. The members are likely to sell the market down in order to find whether lower prices will attract volume. Tails work because the owners of the market are looking to maximize income.

如果市场下跌，然后恢复上涨，这就说明再低的价格也不能吸引成交量了。市场自然要做的事就是反弹，去测试比较高的价位，看看比较高的价格是否会带来更大的成交量。如果市场测试市场后下跌，留下上涨的尾巴，这说明更高的价格不能吸引成交量。会员喜欢打压价格，为了搞清楚更低的价格是否能吸引成交量。尾巴很有效是因为会员想尽量扩大收入。

Whenever you see a very tall bar (several times the average for recent months) shooting in the direction of the existing trend, be alert to the possibility of a tail. If the following day the market traces a very narrow bar at the base of the tall bar, it completes a tail. Be ready to put on a position, trading against that tail, before the close.

无论何时，你看见了很长的竹线（是最近几个月平均值的几倍），树立在现在趋势的方向，要注意有可能是尾巴。如果第2天，竹线明显变短了，这肯定是尾巴。准备好在收盘前建仓，仓位和尾巴的方向相反。

When a market hangs down a tail, go long in the vicinity of the base of that tail. Once long, place a protective stop approximately half-way down the tail. If the market starts chewing its tail, run without delay. The targets for profit taking on these long positions are best established by using moving averages and channels (see “Indicators - Five Bullets to a Clip,” page xx).

如果市场的尾巴下跌，在尾巴的底部附近做多。一旦做多，在尾巴的一半处下一个止损单。如果市场开始吃自己的尾巴，赶快逃跑，不要拖延。如果要兑现多头仓位的利润，最好利用均线和通道（请看xx面“指标——一个弹夹5颗子弹，”）。

When a market puts up a tail, go short in the area of the base of that tail. Once short, place a protective stop approximately half-way up the tail. If the market starts rallying up its tail, it is time to run; do not wait for the entire tail to be chewed up. Establish profit-taking targets using moving averages and channels.

如果市场的尾巴上涨，在尾巴的底部附近做空。一旦做空，在尾巴的一半处下一个止损单。如果市场的尾巴上涨，赶快跑，不要等到整条尾巴翘上来。利用均线和通道建立利润目标。

You can trade against tails in any timeframe. Daily charts are most common, but you can also trade them on intraday or weekly charts. The magnitude of a move depends on its timeframe. A tail on a weekly chart will generate a much bigger move than a tail on a five-minute chart.

在任何时间周期内，你都可以和尾巴反向交易。日线图最普通，但是你也可以在日内做交易，或者利用周线图交易。时间周期不同，波动的幅度也不同。周线图上的尾巴比5分钟图上的尾巴产生的波动要大很多。

Support, Resistance, and False Breakouts When most traders and investors buy and sell, they make an emotional as well as a financial commitment to their trade. Their emotions can propel market trends or send them into reversals.

支撑，压力和假突破 当大多数交易者和投资者买卖的时候，他们对自己交易满怀信心。他们的情绪会推动市场趋势或让市场反转。

The longer a market trades at a certain level, the more people buy and sell. Suppose a stock falls from 80 and trades near 70 for several weeks, until many believe that it has found support and reached its bottom. What happens if heavy selling comes in and shoves that stock down to 60? Smart longs will run fast, banging out at 69 or 68. Others will sit through the entire painful decline. If losers haven’t given up near 60 and are still alive when the market trades back towards 70, their pain will prompt them to jump at a chance to “get out even.”

Their selling is likely to cap a rally, at least temporarily. Their painful memories are the reason why the areas that served as support on the way down become resistance on the way up, and vice versa.

市场在一个价格水平的交易时间越长，买卖的人就越多。假设一只股票从80跌下来，在70附近交易了几周，直到很多人认为它已经找到了支撑，已经到底了。如果有很重的卖单出现，把价格推到了60，会怎么样？聪明的多头会很快逃跑，在68，69平仓。其他人则坐等，忍受痛苦下跌。如果输家在60左右还不放弃，继续忍受，并忍到市场又涨到70，他们的痛苦会催促他们赶快卖掉，还好没亏。他们的卖单会造成一个下跌，至少是暂时的。他们痛苦的记忆可以解释这个现象，同样的交易区间，在下跌时是支撑，在上涨时是压力，反之也是同理。

Regret is another psychological force behind support and resistance. If a stock trades at 80 for a while and then rallies to 95, those who did not buy it near 80 feel as if they missed the train. If that stock sinks back near 80, traders who regret a missed opportunity will return to buy in force.

后悔也是支撑和压力后面的心理因素。如果一只股票在80交易，过了一会儿涨到了95，在80左右没有买的人感觉错过了火车。如果股票再次跌到80，曾经后悔的交易者会全力买入。

Support and resistance can remain active for months or even years because investors have long memories. When prices return to their old levels, some jump at the opportunity to add to their positions while others see a chance to get out.

支撑和压力的存在时间可以长达数月或数年，因为投资者的记忆太长久了。当价格回到过去的水平时，一些人立刻抓住机会加仓，而同时一些人认为是出场的机会。

Whenever you work with a chart, draw support and resistance lines across recent tops and bottoms. Expect a trend to slow down in those areas, and use them to enter positions or take profits. Keep in mind that support and resistance are flexible - they are like a ranch wire fence rather than a glass wall. A glass wall is rigid and shatters when broken, but a herd of bulls can push against a wire fence, shove their muzzles through it, and it will lean but stand. Markets have many false breakouts below support and above resistance, with prices returning into their range after a brief violation.

无论何时，你研究图表的时候，利用近期的顶部或底部画支撑线和压力线。以期望趋势在那些区域减慢，利用它们建仓或兑现利润。记住，支撑和压力是变化的——它们就像是牧场的铁丝网，而不像玻璃墙。玻璃墙很硬，一破就碎，但是一群牛可以冲击铁丝网，嘴鼻顶过了铁丝网，铁丝网会倾斜，但不会倒。市场在支撑之下，压力之上都有很多假突破，短期的振荡后价格又回到原来的范围。

A false upside breakout occurs when the market rises above resistance and sucks in buyers before reversing and falling. A false downside breakout occurs when prices fall below support, attracting more bears just before a rally. False breakouts provide professionals with some of the best trading opportunities. They are similar to tails, only tails have a single wide bar, whereas false breakouts can have several bars, none of them especially tall.

当市场上涨突破压力区，此时形成上涨的假突破，不是反转而是下跌。当价格跌破支撑区时，会发生下跌的假突破，在反弹前吸引更多的空头进场。假突破给专业人士提供了最好的交易机会。假突破和尾巴相似，仅仅不同的是尾巴很长，然而假突破可以有几条竹线，它们都不是很长。

What causes false breakouts and how do you trade them? At the end of a long rise the market hits resistance, stops, and starts churning. The professionals know there are many more buy orders above the resistance level. Some were placed by traders looking to buy a new breakout, and others are protective stops placed by those who went short on the way up. The pros are the first to know where people have stops because they are the ones holding the orders.

是什么引起的假突破，你应该如何面对假突破？在漫长的上涨以后，市场碰到了压力区，停下来，休息。专业人士知道压力区之上有很多买单。一些交易者希望在新的突破时买入，还有一些做空的人则在此下了止损单。专业人士是第一个知道谁下了止损单，因为他们自己也下了单。

A false breakout occurs when the pros organize a fishing expedition to run stops. For example, when a stock is slightly below its resistance at 60, the floor may start loading up on longs near 58.85. As sellers pull back, the market roars above 60, setting off buy stops. The floor starts selling into that rush, unloading longs as prices touch 60.50. When they see that public buy orders are drying up, they sell short and prices tank back below 60. That’s when your charts show a false breakout above 60.

假突破的发生是因为专业人士要组织一场对止损的猎杀活动。比如，当一只股票在压力点60下面一点点，场内交易者可能在58.85满仓了。当卖家收手时，市场飙过60，碰动了空头的止损单。场内交易者开始卖给这些止损单引起的抢购，场内交易者在60.50平仓了。当他们发现大众的买单没了，他们又做空，价格又跌到60以下。这就形成了你图表上的假突破。

S&P 500 futures are notorious for false breakouts. Day after day this market exceeds its previous day’s high or falls below its previous day’s low by a few ticks (a tick is the minimum price change permitted by the exchange where an instrument is traded). This is one of the reasons the S&P is a difficult market to trade, but it attracts beginners like flies. The floor has a field day slapping them.

标准普尔500股指期货上面的假突破臭名昭著。日复一日，市场涨的比前一天高几个基点（基点是交易所规定的最小变动单位），或跌的比前一天低几个基点。这也是标准普尔股指期货很难交易的原因之一，但是还是吸引了像苍蝇一样的新手。场内有一帮人专门负责教训新手。

Some of the best trading opportunities occur after false breakouts. When prices fall back into the range after a false upside breakout, you have extra confidence to trade short. Use the top of the false breakout as your stop-loss point. Once prices rally back into their range after a false downside breakout, you have extra confidence to trade long. Use the bottom of that false breakout for your stop-loss point.

假突破以后会出现一些最好的交易机会。当上涨的假突破以后，价格下跌，你有足够的信心做空。把假突破的最高点作为止损点。当下跌的假突破以后，价格上涨，你有足够的信心做多。把假突破的最低点作为止损点。

Figure 5.2 Support, Resistance, and False Breakouts

图5.2 支撑，压力和假突破

In September CIEN reached a peak below 140, then attacked that level in October and rallied above 150, only to sink below the old peak a few days later. Some poor guy actually bought above 150 - he really needed that stock! The false upside breakout marked the end of the bull market.

9月讯安娜通讯公司的股票达到140以下的最高点，然后在10月攻击这个水平，涨到了150，几天后又跌到最高点以下。有些可怜的家伙真的在150以上买了——他们太喜欢这只股票了！这个上涨的假突破标志着上涨的结束。

The bear market established a bottom just near 65 in December, but in January some desperate sellers dumped enough stock to briefly push CIEN near 60. At the right edge of the chart prices are rallying above the level of their old bottom. The bear trap has slammed shut, with a 50% rally in just one month. Such signals are much easier to recognize using technical indicators, to be discussed later.

在12月，下跌到65附近，形成一个底部，但是在1月，一些绝望的卖家很快把价格推到了60左右。在图的右边，价格又涨到了过去底部以上。空头陷阱起作用了，1个月的时间反弹了50%。如果用技术指标，这样的信号是很容易发现的，我们后面会谈这个。

If you have an open position, defend yourself against false breakouts by reducing your trading size and placing wider stops. Be ready to reposition if stopped out of your trade.

如果你持有仓位，可以利用减少仓位和加大止损点的办法来保护自己。如果被止损出场，要做好准备再次进场。

There are many advantages to risking just a small fraction of your account on any trade. It allows you to be more flexible with stops. When the volatility is high, consider protecting a long position by buying a put or a short position by buying a call. Finally, if you get stopped out on a false breakout, don’t be shy about getting back into a trade. Beginners tend to make a single stab at a position and stay out if they are stopped out. Professionals, on the other hand, will attempt several entries before nailing down the trade they want.

只使用账户的一小部分资金去冒险是有很多好处的。它让你在止损点的设置上很灵活。如果市场波动厉害，可以考虑为多头仓位买看跌期权，或为空头仓位买看跌期权。最后，如果你被假突破止损出场，不要害羞，继续买入原来的仓位。新手的仓位被袭击后，总是观望。相反，专业人士如果确认交易是他们喜欢的，他们会多次尝试进场。

Double Tops and Bottoms Bulls make money when the market rises. There are always a few who take profits on the way up, but new bulls come in and the rally continues. Every rally reaches a point where enough bulls look at it and say - this is very nice, and it may get even nicer, but I’d rather have cash. Rallies top out after enough wealthy bulls take their profits, while the money from new bulls is not enough to replace what was taken out.

双顶和双底 当市场上涨时，多头赚钱。总是有少数人在上涨时兑现利润，但是新的多头进场，造成继续上涨。每次上涨到了一个新高点，就会有很多多头说——看起来不错，也许可以变得更好，但是，我要现金。当很多富有的多头兑现利润时，市场就到头了，新的多头的钱无法支撑这个价格。

When the market heads down from its peak, savvy bulls, the ones who’ve cashed out early, are the most relaxed group. Other bulls who are still long, especially if they came in late, feel trapped. Their profits are melting away and turning into losses. Should they hold or sell?

当市场从最高点下跌时，提前空仓的多头是最轻松的。其他继续持有多头仓位的多头，尤其是最后进场的，感觉是调入陷阱。利润没了，出现亏损。他们是应该持有，还是应该卖？

If enough moneyed bulls decide the decline is being overdone, they’ll step in and buy. As the rally resumes, more bulls come in. Now prices approach the level of their old top, and that’s where you can expect sell orders to hit the market. Many traders who got caught in the previous decline swear to get out if the market gives them a second chance.

如果持币的多头发现市场超跌，他们会进场买入。当市场上涨时，更多的多头进场。此时，市场达到过去的高点，你可以希望卖单出现，以袭击市场。之前被套的很多交易者发誓，只要还有机会，一定要出场。

As the market rises toward its previous peak, the main question is whether it will it rise to a new high or form a double top and turn down. Technical indicators can be of great help in answering this question. When they rise to a new high, they tell you to hold, and when they form bearish divergences (see “Indicators - Five Bullets to a Clip,” page xx), they tell you to take profits at the second top.

当市场达到过去的最高点，主要问题是它是否会创新高，或做双顶，然后下跌。技术指标可以帮助回答这样的问题。当它们达到新高，它们会告诉你持有；当它们形成看跌背离（请看xx面“指标——一个弹夹5颗子弹”），它们叫你在第2个顶部兑现利润。

Figure 5.3 Double Tops and Bottoms; Volume

图5.3 双头和双底；成交量

Callaway Golf (ELY) reached its high of 27.18 in March, at point A, and struggled again near that level, to 26.95 in April, at point B. A few days after it recoiled from B, the double top became clearly visible. Many indicators (which we will review later) traced bearish divergences at that time.

高威高尔夫公司（代码ELY）的股票在3月达到27.18的高点，位置为A，然后在附近挣扎，4月达到26.95，位置为B。从B回落后的几天，双顶就很清晰了。很多指标（后面会谈到）在当时跟踪到了看跌背离。

In June the stock collapsed, as the aged founder of the company, the inventor of the famous Big Bertha golf club, became ill and died. In a fairly typical emotional reaction, people dumped their stock without stopping to think whether the demise of an individual would ruin a large, well-established company. Such declines feed on themselves, as lower prices scare more people into selling. Notice a fantastic spike of volume, which reflected mass panic. The low at point C looks like a kangaroo tail, although not in its most classical form. Prices rallied above 17 at point D in what is called “a dead cat bounce,”

not out of any great bullishness but simply as a reaction to the decline.

6月股票崩跌，原因是公司年老的创立者，也是著名的大贝尔塔球杆的发明人，生病去世了。在典型的恐慌情绪中大众平仓，他们也不想想，一个人的去世是否会毁了一个著名的公司。这样的下跌害了他们自己，因为下跌的股票引发更多人因恐惧而卖出。注意那个大成交量，反映了大众的恐慌。低点C看起来像袋鼠尾巴，虽然不是经典模式。价格在D点反弹到17，这叫“死猫反弹”，不会有大的上涨，只是下跌时的反弹。

At the right edge of the chart ELY is grinding down towards its recent bottom on low volume. If it recoils from that level, it’ll establish a double bottom. This is a fairly typical pattern - a crash, followed by a dead cat bounce, followed by a slow decline into the second bottom. Once prices rally from the second low, they are likely to usher in a sustainable rise.

在图的右边，高威高尔夫跌到了底部，成交量很低。如果它在这个水平反弹，会建立一个双底。只是典型的模式——崩跌，紧跟着一个死猫反弹，然后慢跌到第2个底部。一旦价格从第2个低点反弹，它们很可能会引起稳定的上涨。

A mirror image of this situation occurs at market bottoms. The market falls to a new low at which enough smart bears start covering shorts and the market rallies. Once that rally peters out and prices start sinking again, all eyes are on the previous low - will it hold? If bears are strong and bulls skittish, prices will break below the first low, and the downtrend will continue. If bears are weak and bulls are strong, the decline will stop in the vicinity of the old low, creating a double bottom. Technical indicators help decipher which of the two is more likely to happen.

在这样的市场底部会发生镜像原理。市场创新低时，聪明的空头会回补空头仓位，造成市场反弹。一旦反弹结束，市场继续下跌，所有的眼睛都会看着之前的低点——会守住它吗？如果空头很强，多头担惊受怕，价格会跌过第1个低点，下跌会继续。如果空头很弱，多头很强，下跌会在第1个低点附近停下来，形成双底。技术指标会帮助分析那种情况可能会发生。

Triangles A triangle is a congestion area, a pause when winners take profits and new trend followers get aboard, while their opponents trade against the preceding trend. It is like a train station. The train stops to let passengers off and pick up new ones, but there is always a chance this is the last stop on the line and it may turn back.

三角形 三角形是暂时的成交密集区，赢家兑现利润，新的趋势跟踪者上车，然而他们的对手则逆市交易。就像是火车站。火车停靠，乘客下车，新乘客上车，但是也很有可能这是最后一站，市场可能反转。

The upper boundary of a triangle shows where sellers overpower buyers and prevent the market from rising. The lower boundary shows where buyers overpower sellers and prevent the market from falling. As the two start to converge, you know a breakout is coming. As a general rule, the trend that preceded the triangle deserves the benefit of the doubt. The angles between triangle walls reflect the balance of power between bulls and bears and hint at the likely direction of a breakout.

三角形的上边表明卖家的力量比买家强，阻止了市场上涨。下边表明买家比卖家强，阻止了市场下跌。双方聚集时，你知道突破会发生。通常原则下，趋势超过三角形则不必担心。三角形的角度反映了多头和空头的力量平衡，暗示了突破的方向。

An ascending triangle has a flat upper boundary and a rising lower boundary. The flat upper line shows that bears have drawn a line in the sand and sell whenever the market comes to it. They must be a pretty powerful group, calmly waiting for prices to come to them before unloading. At the same time buyers are becoming more aggressive. They snap up merchandise and keep raising the floor under the market.

上涨的三角形，它的上边是水平的，还有一个上涨的下边。水平上边表明空头已经画了一条线，会拼命卖。他们也许很强大，安静地等待价格达到卖点。同时，买家也很积极。他们积极抢购，把市场的底部抬高。

Figure 5.4 Triangles, Pennants, and Rectangles

图5.4 三角形，旗形和矩形

Charts patterns are the footprints of bulls and bears. Patterns A and D are called pennants - a tight weave of prices that follows a sharp move up or down its flagpole. When a pennant flies in the direction of the trend (A), it is usually followed by a sharp reversal. When it flies against the preceding trend (D), it is a consolidation pattern and the trend usually continues. Place your entry orders accordingly, above or below a pennant’s boundary.

图形模式是多头和空头的足迹。模式A和D叫旗形——紧紧排列在一起的价格上涨或下跌形成旗杆。当一个旗形沿着趋势（A）的方向飘扬时，通常后面就会发生强烈的反转。当一个旗行逆着趋势（D）的方向飘扬时，它是坚固的模式，趋势通常会继续。相应地下单，在一个旗形的上面或下面边缘处下单。

Pattern B is a symmetrical triangle and pattern C is an ascending triangle. Breakouts from triangles tend to follow the trends that preceded them, especially when triangles are compact, consisting of only a few bars. Pattern E is a rectangle; notice how bulls and bears push against the rectangle walls, creating brief false breakouts - do not jump in too early. When prices decisively break out of a rectangle, the reversal is complete.

模式B是对称三角形，模式C是上涨三角形。三角形的突破一般会跟随之前的趋势，尤其是三角形排列紧密，只有几条日线时。模式E是矩形，注意多头和空头是如何向矩形边缘推动的，制造了短暂的假突破——不要抢先跳入。当价格决定跳出矩形时，反转就完成了。

At the right edge of the chart, prices are below a rectangle that provides severe overhead resistance; the price is like a drowning man under an ice floe. The trend is down, with rallies presenting shorting opportunities.

在图的右边，价格在矩形以下，矩形成为一个压力，价格就像是浮冰下即将淹死的人。趋势是下跌，反弹提供了做空的机会。

On what party should you bet? Nobody knows who’ll win the election, but savvy traders tend to place buy orders slightly above the upper line of an ascending triangle. Since sellers are on the defensive, if the attacking bulls succeed, the breakout is likely to be steep. This is the logic of buying upside breakouts from ascending triangles.

你想赌那边？没有人知道谁会赢，但是聪明的交易者趋向在上涨的三角形上边一点点买入。因为卖家出于被动地位，如果多头的攻击顺利，突破就是急剧上涨的。这就是在上涨三角形的上面突破处买入的原因。

A descending triangle has a flat lower boundary and a declining upper boundary. The horizontal lower line shows that bulls are pretty determined, calmly waiting to buy at a certain level. At the same time, sellers are becoming more aggressive. They keep selling at lower and lower levels, pushing the market closer to the line drawn by buyers.

下跌三角形有一条水平的下边，还有一条下跌的边。水平的下边表明多头很坚定，冷静地在这个水平等待买入的机会。同时，卖家很激进。他们在越来越低的水平卖出，把价格推到买家画线的地方。

As a trader, which way will you bet on the bulls or the bears? Experienced traders tend to place their orders to sell short slightly below the lower line of a descending triangle. Let buyers defend that line, but if bulls collapse after a long defense, a break is likely to be sharp. This is the logic of shorting downside breakouts from descending triangles.

作为交易者，你会赌多头赢，还是赌空头赢？有经验的交易者趋向在下跌三角形下水平线下面一点点做空。让买家去防守这条线，但是如果多头在防守时崩溃，突破是很厉害的。这是在下跌三角形下方突破的地方做空的原因。

A symmetrical triangle shows that both bulls and bears are equally confident. Bulls keep paying up, and bears keep selling lower. Neither group is backing off, and their fight must be resolved before prices reach the tip of the triangle. The breakout is likely to go in the direction of the trend that preceded the triangle.

对称三角形表明多头和空头都很有自信。多头愿意出钱做多，空头继续做空。双方都不后退，他们必须在三角形达到一个角的地方决出胜负。突破倾向发生在比三角形强的趋势方向。

Volume Each unit of volume represents the actions of two individuals - a buyer and a seller. It can be measured by several numbers: shares, contracts, or dollars that have changed hands. Volume is usually plotted as a histogram below prices. It provides important clues about the actions of bulls and bears. Rising volume tends to confirm trends, and falling volume brings them into question.

成交量 每单位的成交量都代表了2个人的行为——1个买家和1个卖家。可以用多种数字来计算：股票数量，合约数量，或者是换手的金额。成交量一般在价格下面用柱状图表示。它提供了多头和空头在行动方面的重要线索。上涨的成交量一般会确认趋势，下跌的成交量则带来了问题。

Volume reflects the level of pain among market participants. At each tick in every trade, one person is winning and the other losing. Markets can move only if enough new losers enter the game to supply profits to winners. If the market is falling, it takes a very courageous or reckless bull to step in and buy, but without him there is no increase in volume. When the trend is up, it takes a very brave or reckless bear to step in and sell. Rising volume shows that losers are continuing to come in, allowing the trend to continue. When losers start abandoning the market, volume falls, and the trend runs out of steam. Volume gives traders several useful clues.

成交量反映了市场参与者的痛苦水平。每笔交易的每一个基点变化，都有一个人赢，另一个人输。如果有足够的新的输家进场提供利润给赢家，市场才会波动。如果市场在跌，多头需要巨大的勇气或巨大的粗心进场买入，如果没有买家，就没有成交量的增长。当市场上涨时，空头需要巨大的勇气或巨大的粗心进场做空。上涨的成交量表明输家在继续进场，让趋势继续。当输家放弃市场时，成交量下跌，趋势失去动力。成交量给了交易者几个有用的线索。

A one-day splash of uncommonly high volume often marks the beginning of a trend when it accompanies a breakout from a trading range. A similar splash tends to mark the end of a trend if it occurs during a well-established move. Exceedingly high volume, three or more times above average, identifies market hysteria. That is when nervous bulls finally decide that the uptrend is for real and rush in to buy or nervous bears become convinced that the decline has no bottom and jump in to sell short.

如果某天成交量非常大，而且同时市场突破了一个横盘，这表明新的趋势开始了。如果成交量的放大发生在很大的波动中，一般表明趋势快到头了。超级大的成交量，大小为平均值的2倍或3倍，这就确认市场疯狂了。这时紧张的多头认为上涨的趋势是真的，抢着去买，或是紧张的空头认为市场没有底，抢着去做空。

Divergences between price and volume tend to occur at turning points. When prices rise to a new high but volume shrinks, it shows that the uptrend attracts less interest. When prices fall to a new low and volume falls, it shows that lower prices attract little interest and an upside reversal is likely. Price is more important than volume, but good traders always analyze volume to gauge the degree of crowd involvement. For a more objective rating of volume use an indicator called Force Index (see next section). Changes in volume detected by Force Index give important messages to traders.

价格和成交量的背离一般发生在转折点。当价格涨到新高，而成交量萎缩，这表明成交量无法吸引别人。当价格跌到新低，而成交量萎缩，这表明更低的价格无法吸引别人，可能要上涨。价格比成交量重要性大很多，但优秀的交易者总是分析成交量来判断大众的介入程度。对成交量更客观的使用是利用力量指数（请看后面章节）。利用力量指数发现的成交量变化给交易者传递了重要信息。

INDICATORS - FIVE BULLETS TO A CLIP

指标——一个弹夹5颗子弹

I had a friend who drove a tank in World War ll, fighting his way from Stalingrad to Vienna. He maintained his tank with only three tools - a big hammer, a big screwdriver, and the Russian version of “f...you.” He won the war with a few simple tools, and we can apply his lessons to the dangerous environment of the markets.

我有个朋友在第2次世界大战时开坦克，从斯大林格勒打到维也纳。他只用3个工具维护他的坦克——一只大锤子，一只大螺丝刀，以及俄国版的“我靠”。他用几个工具赢得了战争，我们可以把他的经验推广到市场。

An amateur tries to grab a bit of money here and there. He uses one technique today and another tomorrow. His mind is scattered and he keeps losing, enriching only his broker and floor traders. A new hunter walks into the woods with a load of fancy gear on his back but soon discovers that most of it only slows him down. An experienced woodsman travels light.

业余选手总是想这也赚点，那也赚点。今天用这个技术，明天用那个技术。他的思想太分散，总是亏钱，养活了他的经纪人和场内交易者。一个刚出道的猎人背着很多神奇的装备去森林狩猎，最终发现大多数装备只是在拖累他。有经验的猎人轻装上阵。

A beginner shoots at anything that moves, including his own shadow. An old hunter knows exactly what prey he is after and brings only a few bullets. Simplicity and discipline go hand in hand. To be a successful trader, choose a small number of markets, select a few tools, and learn to use them well. If you follow five stocks, your research will be deeper and results better than if you follow 50. If you use five indicators, you’ll get more mileage out of them than out of 25. You can always expand later, once you make steady profits.

刚出道的猎人只要看见动的东西，就会朝它开枪，连自己的影子也不放过。老猎人知道他的猎物在哪里，通常只带几颗子弹。简单和纪律是手连手的。要想成为成功的交易者，选择几个市场，使用几个工具，把它们学好。如果你跟踪5只股票，你的研究会越来越深，结果比你跟踪50只股票要好。如果你只用5个指标，你的收获要比用50个指标多。当你取得了稳定的利润以后，你可以增加你的指标。

The indicators we are about to discuss represent the choice of one trader. I call this approach “five bullets to a clip.”

An old army rifle used to take five bullets, and I analyze markets using no more than five indicators. If five do not help, 10 will not do any better because there probably is no trade. I offer you this list as a starting point for selecting your own bullets. Pay attention to the general principle of selecting indicators from different groups to focus on different aspects of crowd behavior. The key idea is to select a few core tools that fit your style of analysis and trading.

我们即将讨论的指标代表了交易者的选择。我称作“一个弹夹5颗子弹。”过去的步枪只能装5颗子弹，我分析市场时，所用的指标不超过5个。如果5个不起作用，10个也不会起作用，因为可能无法交易。我把这个列表作为你起步时的选择范围。注意一个原则，不同的指标反映不同的大众行为。关键是选择几个适合你的分析和交易的重要工具。

The tools we are about to review - moving averages, envelopes, MACD, MACD-Histogram, and Force Index - are the building blocks of a trading system described in the following chapter. There is no magic indicator; they all have advantages and disadvantages. It is important to be aware of both because then we can combine several indicators into a system to take advantage of their strengths, while their disadvantages cancel each other out.

我们即将谈论的工具有——均线，包络线，MACD，MACD柱，和力量指数——这是下一章交易系统的基石。没有神奇的指标，它们都有优势和劣势。我们需要了解它们的优势和劣势，这样才能把几个指标融入一个系统，利用它们的优势，抵消它们的劣势。

Choice of Tools

可选的工具

Markets can confound traders. They often run in two directions at once - up on the weekly charts and down on the dailies. A market can reverse without sending you an e-mail about its change of plans. A sleepy stock can get so hot that it burns through stops, while a formerly hot stock becomes so cold it freezes your capital along with your fingers.

市场会挫败交易者。它们会突然进入某个方向——周线图上涨，日线图则下跌。市场在反转前不会给你电子邮件告诉你它的计划变了。一只沉睡的股票可能会飙涨，然而一个热门的股票会变冷，甚至能冻住你的资金和手指头。

Trading is a complex, nontrivial game. Markets consist of huge crowds of people, and technical analysis is applied social psychology. We must select several tools to identify different aspects of market behavior. Before using any indicator, we must understand how it is constructed and what it measures. We must test it on historical data and learn how it performs under different conditions. Once you start testing an indicator, expect to adjust its settings, turning it into a personal trading tool as reliable and familiar as an old wrench.

交易是复杂的，不平凡的游戏。市场充满了大量的人，技术分析应用了社会心理。我们必须选择几个工具来确认市场行为的不同方面。在用指标之前，我们必须明白它的原理和计算方法。我们必须用历史数据来测试它，并研究它在不同情况下的表现。一旦你开始测试指标，要调整好参数，把它变成适合你的交易工具，要想老板手一样可靠。

Toolboxes vs. Black Boxes I keep seeing ads in traders’ magazines that show computers with $100 bills coming out of their disk drives. I’d love to get a hold of one of those models. The only ones I could find have the direction of money reversed. Computers can chew up cash, but pulling it out of them takes a lot of hard work. Those ads sell black boxes - computerized trading systems. Some clown has programmed a bunch of trading rules, put them on a copy-protected diskette or a CD, and now sells you a tool with a great track record. Feed it market data, and it will spit out an answer - when to buy or sell! If you believe this magic, wait until you meet Santa Claus.

工具箱和黑箱 我总是在《交易者》杂志上看见广告显示100元的钞票从电脑里面出来。我真喜欢这样的产品。我得到结果是亏钱。电脑会吃钱，想把钱拿出来就难了。那些广告在推销黑箱——电脑交易系统。一些小丑利用交易原则编程，把他们放在磁盘或光盘上，还加密了，然后拿出来卖。你用市场数据测试，它会吐出答案——何时买卖！如果你真的相信它的魔力，你可以等圣诞老人给你。

A fantastic track record of a canned system is meaningless because it comes from fitting the rules to old data. Any computer can tell you which rules worked in the past. Black-box programs self-destruct as soon as the markets change, even if they include self-optimization. Black boxes appeal to beginners who derive a false sense of security from them.

出色的交易记录加上保密的交易系统，其实是没有任何含义的，因为那是用过去的数据测试的。任何电脑都能告诉你过去任何指标都有用。即使它们使用了自我优化功能，保密的软件会在市场发生变化时会发生自毁。黑箱能吸引新手，新手从黑箱得到了虚假的安全。

A good software package is a toolbox - a collection of tools for analyzing markets and making your own decisions. A toolbox can download data, draw charts, and plot indicators, as well as any trading signals you care to program. It provides charting and analytic tools but leaves you to make your own trading decisions.

好的软件包是一个工具箱——一些工具，让你分析市场，并自己做决定。工具箱可以下载数据，画图，设置指标和你喜欢的信号。它提供了画图和分析工具，但是你自己做交易决定。

The heart of any toolbox is its collection of indicators - tools for identifying trends and reversals behind the noise of raw data. Good toolboxes allow you to modify indicators and even design your own. Indicators are objective; you may argue about the trend, but when an indicator is up, it’s up, and when it is down, it’s down. Keep in mind that indicators are derived from prices. The more complicated they are, the farther they are from prices and the farther away from reality. Prices are primary, indicators are secondary, and simple indicators work best.

工具箱的内部是一些指标——确认趋势，反转的指标，它们能去除数据的噪音。好的工具箱能让你修改指标，甚至设计自己的指标。指标是客观的，你可能会和趋势吵架，但是当指标上涨时，就是上涨，当它下跌时，就是下跌。记住，指标来自价格。它们越复杂，它们离开价格和事实就越远。价格是原始的，指标是第2位的，简单的指标最好。

Trend-Following Indicators and Oscillators Learning to use indicators is like learning a foreign language. You have to immerse yourself in them, make typical beginners’ mistakes, and keep practicing until you rise to the level of proficiency and competence.

趋势跟踪指标和振荡指标 学习使用指标就像是学习外语。你必须融入其中，像新手一样犯错，坚持实践，直到你精通掌握。

Good technical indicators are simple tools that perform well when market conditions change. They are robust, that is, relatively immune to parameter changes. If an indicator gives great signals using a 17-day window but bombs when you try a 15-day window, then it’s probably useless. Good indicators give useful signals at a broad range of settings.

好的指标是简单的工具，在市场情况改变时也能表现良好。它们很有力，也就是说，即使参数改变，它们的效果也不错。如果一个指标，用17天做参数，信号很好，用15天做参数，信号就不行，那么这个指标是没用的。好的指标在不同参数下都能提供有用的信号。

We can divide all technical indicators into three major groups: trend-following, oscillators, and miscellaneous. Whenever we use an indicator, we must know to which group it belongs. Each group has its advantages and disadvantages.

我们可以把所有的指标分成3组：趋势跟踪指标，振荡指标，和综合指标。无论何时我们使用指标，我们必须知道它属于哪一组。每一组都有它的优势和劣势。

Trend-following indicators include moving averages, MACD (moving average convergence-divergence), Directional System, and others. Big trends mean big money, and these indicators help us stay long in uptrends and short in downtrends. They have built-in inertia that allows them to lock onto a trend and ride it. That same inertia causes them to lag at turning points. Their advantages and disadvantages are the flip sides of each other, and you cannot have one without the other.

趋势跟踪指标包括均线，MACD（指数平滑异同移动平均线），方向系统，等等。大趋势意味着很多钱，这些指标能帮助我们在上涨时做多，在下跌时做空。它们有内在惯性，这样可以跟踪并锁定趋势。这些惯性同样会导致它们在下跌时滞后。它们的优势和劣势是对应的，你不能只用一个，放弃另一个。

Oscillators include Force Index, Rate of Change, and Stochastic, among others. They help catch turning points by showing when markets are overbought (too high and ready to fall) or oversold (too low and ready to rise). Oscillators work great in trading ranges, where they catch upturns and downturns. Taking their signals when prices are relatively flat is like going to a cash machine - you always get something, although not very much. Their downside is that they give premature sell signals in uptrends and buy signals in downtrends.

振荡指标包括力量指数，变化速率，和随机指标，等等。在市场超买（太高了，要跌）或超卖（太低了，要涨）时它们能帮助抓住反转点。在横盘时振荡指标表现好，它们能抓住上涨和下跌。如果价格走的比较水平，你就可以使用它们的指标——你总能赚点，但不多。在上涨时提前给下跌的信号，在下跌时提前给上涨的信号。

Miscellaneous indicators, such as Bullish Consensus, Commitments of Traders, and New High–New Low Index, gauge the current mood of the market. They show whether the overall bullishness or bearishness is rising or falling.

综合指标，包括情绪指标，持仓量报告，新高新低指数，他们计算市场的情绪。它们表明市场总体的多头或空头是上涨或下跌。

Indicators from different groups often contradict one another. For example, when markets rise, trend-following indicators turn up, telling us to buy. At the same time, oscillators become overbought and start flashing sell signals. The opposite occurs in downtrends, when trend-following indicators turn down, giving sell signals, while oscillators become oversold, flashing buy signals. Which should we follow? The answers are easy in the middle of a chart, but much harder at the right edge, where we must make our trading decisions.

不同组的指标经常会互相矛盾。比如，当市场上涨，趋势跟踪指标上涨，叫我们买。同时，振荡指标认为已经超买了，开始发出卖出信号。下跌时相反，当趋势跟踪指标下跌时，振荡指标认为超卖了，发出买入信号。我们应该跟踪哪个信号呢？事后看图表时好像很简单，但是实战时很难，实战时我们必须自己做交易决定。

Some beginners close their eyes to complexity, choose a single indicator, and stick to it until the market whacks them from an unexpected direction. Others create a homemade opinion poll; they take a battery of indicators and average their signals. This is a meaningless exercise because its outcome depends on what indicators you include in your poll; change the selection and you’ll change the outcome. The Triple Screen trading system, described below, overcomes the problem of conflicting indicators by linking them with different timeframes.

一些交易者在复杂面前闭上了眼睛，选一个简单的指标，就坚持用这个指标，直到市场突然把他掀翻。其他人自己搞家庭投票，他们选择一堆指标，把信号平均。投票选指标的方法没有含义，你改变投票，就改变了结果。后面谈到的三重滤网会利用不同的时间周期把互相矛盾的指标联系起来。

Time - The Factor of Five A computer screen can comfortably show about 120 bars in an open-high-low-close format. What if you display a monthly chart, each of whose bars represents one month? You’ll see 10 years worth of history at a glance, your stock’s big picture. You can display a weekly chart and review its rallies and declines for the past two years. A daily chart will show you the action for the past few months. How about an hourly chart, each of whose bars represents one hour of trading? It will let you zoom in on the past few days and pick up short-term trends. Want to get even closer? How about a 10-minute chart, each of whose bars represents 10 minutes of market action?

时间——5的因素 电脑屏幕可以轻松地显示120条竹线，包括开盘价，最高价，最低价和收盘价。如果显示月线图呢，每个竹线代表一个月？你会一眼看见10年的数据，股票的巨幅图。你可以显示周线图，看过去2年的上涨和下跌。日线图会告诉你过去几个月的变动。小时图如何，每个竹线代表了1个小时？它会让你缩放看过去的几天，以找到短期趋势。更拉近点会如何？10分钟会怎么样，每个竹线代表了10分钟的市场波动？

Looking at all these charts, you quickly notice that markets can move in different directions at the same time. You may see an upmove on the weekly chart, while the dailies are breaking down. An hourly chart may be sagging, while a 10-minute chart is rallying. Which trend to follow?

看看所有的图，你会注意到市场在同一时间向不同的方向波动。你也许会看见周线图上是上涨的，然而日线图上是下跌的。1小时图可能是下跌的，然而10分钟是上涨的。要跟踪哪个趋势？

Most beginners look at only one timeframe, usually daily. The trouble is that a new trend, erupting from another timeframe, often hurts traders who do not look beyond their noses. Another serious problem is that looking at the daily chart puts you on par with thousands of other traders who also look at it. What’s your advantage, what’s your edge?

大部分投资者只看一个时间周期，通常是日线。问题是，新趋势从另外一个时间周期跳出来，经常伤害没有准备的交易者。另外一个严肃的问题是，看日线图让你和千万个其他交易者一样。你的优势是什么，你的强项是什么？

Markets are so complex that we must always analyze them in more than one timeframe. The Factor of Five, first described in Trading for a Living, links all timeframes. Every timeframe is related to the next higher and the next lower by the factor of five. There are almost five (4.3 to be exact) weeks to a month, five days to a week, and close to five hours in many trading days. We can break an hour into 10-minute segments and those into 2-minute bars.

市场很复杂，因此我们必须用不同的时间周期来分析市场。5的因素，在《以交易为生》中第一次提到，把不同的时间周期联系起来了。每个时间周期和更高一级，更低一级的时间周期相差5倍。5周（准确说是4.3周）构成一个月，5天构成一周，大部分交易日交易时间接近5个小时。我们可以把一个小时分成多个10分钟，把10分钟再分成多个2分钟。

The key principle of Triple Screen, which we will review later, is to choose your favorite timeframe and then immediately go up to the timeframe one order of magnitude higher. There we make a strategic decision to go long or short. We return to our favorite timeframe to make tactical decisions about where to enter, exit, place a profit target and a stop. Adding the dimension of time to our analysis gives us an edge over the competition.

我们在后面要谈到三重滤网，它的重要原则是选择你最喜欢的时间周期，然后立刻转到更高一级的时间周期。然后我们做策略决定，是做多或做空。我们再回到最喜欢的时间周期做战术决定，何处进场，出场，兑现利润，止损。我们在分析时考虑这样的时间结构，就让我们有了竞争优势。

Use at least two, but not more than three, timeframes because adding more only clutters up the decision-making process. If you are day-trading with 30- and five-minute charts, then a weekly chart is essentially irrelevant. If you are trading market swings using a weekly and a daily, then the wiggles of a five-minute chart are no more than noise. Choose your favorite timeframe, add the timeframe one order of magnitude higher, and start your analysis at that point.

至少使用2个，不要超过3个时间周期，因为更多的会造成分析混乱。如果你是做日内交易，使用30分钟和5分钟图，那么周线图就没什么关系。如果你用周线图和日线图做交易，那么5分钟图的噪音就不重要。选择你喜欢的时间周期，到上一级时间周期，开始分析。

Moving Averages

Moving averages (MAs) are among the oldest, simplest, and most useful tools for traders. They help identify trends and find areas for entering trades. We plot them as lines on price charts, each of whose points reflects the latest average price.

均线是最老的，最简单的，最有用的工具。它们能帮助确认趋势，找到进场点。我们用价格图上的均线来表示，它们反映了最近的平均价格。

What is the reality behind the moving averages, and what do they measure?

均线后面到底是什么，它们计算的是什么？

Each price is a momentary consensus of value among market participants, a snapshot of the market crowd at the moment of a trade. What if you show me a snapshot of your friend and ask whether he is an optimist or a pessimist, a bull or a bear? It is hard to tell from a single photo. If you take his snapshot from the same position for 10 days in a row and bring them to a lab, you can get a composite photo. When 10 pictures are super-imposed upon one another, the typical features stand out, while the atypical fade away. If you start updating that composite each day, you’ll have a moving average of your friend’s mood. If you lay a string of composite photos side by side, it will be clear whether your friend is becoming happier or sadder.

每个价格都是市场参与者在某一时刻对价值的一致认同，是市场大众在交易时的快照。如果你把你朋友的快照给我，问我他是乐观者，还是悲观者，是多头，还是空头，结果如何？很难从一张照片来判断。如果你在同一个位置连续10天拍照，把它们拿到实验室，你会得到合成照片。如果把10张图放在一起，典型的特征就会出现，非典型的特征就消失了。如果你开始每天合成，你会得到你朋友的平均移动情绪。如果你把合成的照片一张一张地摆放，你会很清晰地看见你的朋友是高兴还是难过。

A moving average is a composite photograph of the market. It adds new prices as they occur and drops old ones. A rising moving average shows that the crowd is becoming more optimistic - bullish. A falling moving average shows that the crowd is becoming more pessimistic - bearish.

均线是市场的连续合成照。它会自动计算新价格，并去掉老价格。上涨的均线表明大众越来越乐观——多头。下跌的均线表明大众越来越悲观——空头。

A moving average responds not only to the data but to how we construct it. We must make several decisions to help separate the message of our moving average from the construction noise. First, we need to decide what data we’ll use. We need to select the width of our time window - wider for catching longer trends, narrower for catching minor ones. Finally, we need to choose the type of moving average.

均线不但对数据有反映，对我们的设置也有反映。我们必须把均线反映的信息从设置的噪音里提炼出来。首先，我们要决定使用什么数据。我们要选择时间周期的宽度——宽度越宽，越有可能抓住大趋势，宽度太窄，只能抓住小趋势。最后，我们需要选择均线类型。

What Data to Average? Traders who rely on daily and weekly charts usually apply moving averages to closing prices. This makes sense, because they reflect the final consensus of value, the most important price of the day.

采用什么数据？利用日线和周线图的交易者通常用收盘价。这是合理的，因为它反映了市场对价值的最终一致看法，是当天最重要的价格。

The closing price of a five-minute or an hourly bar has no such special meaning. Day-traders are better off averaging not closing prices, but an average price of each bar. For example, they can average Open+High+Low+ Close of each bar, divided by four, or High+Low+Close divided by three.

5分钟或1个小时的收盘价就没有这个意义。日内交易者最好不要用收盘价，而是竹线的均价。比如，他们可以取开盘价+最高价+最低价+收盘价，除以4，或者是除以3。或者是最高价+最低价+收盘价，除以3。

We can apply moving averages to indicators, such as Force Index (see below). A raw Force Index reflects price changes and volume for the day. Averaging produces a smoother plot and reveals a longer-term trend of Force Index.

我们可以把均价放到到指标上，比如力量指数（请看后面）。力量指数反映当天的价格变化和成交量变化。平均的方法可以提供平缓的图，利用力量指数反映长期的趋势。

How Long a Moving Average? Moving averages help identify trends. A rising MA encourages you to maintain longs, whereas a falling MA tells you to hold shorts. The wider the time window, the smoother is a moving average. That benefit has a cost. The longer a moving average, the slower it responds to trend changes. The shorter a moving average, the better it tracks prices, but the more subject it is to whipsaws, temporary deviations from the main trend. If you make your moving average very long, it will miss important reversals by a wide margin. Shorter MAs are more sensitive to trend changes, but those shorter than 10 bars defeat the purpose of a trend-following tool.

均线的时间参数要多长？均线帮助确认趋势。上涨的均线鼓舞你持有多头仓位，下跌的均线告诉你持有空头仓位。时间窗口越宽，均线越平滑。这个好处是有成本的。时间参数越长，均线对趋势变化的反应越慢。时间参数越短，均线跟踪趋势就越好，但是会受到主趋势的洗盘，暂时的波动的影响。如果你的时间参数特别长，它会错过重要的反转，亏损资金。时间参数小的均线对趋势变化很敏感，比10日短的均线能打败趋势跟踪工具。

At the time I wrote Trading for a Living, I was using 13-bar MAs, but in recent years I switched to longer moving averages to catch more important trends and avoid whipsaws. To analyze weekly charts, start with a 26-week moving average, representing half a year’s worth of data. Try to shorten that number and see whether you can do it without sacrificing the smoothness of your MA. On the daily charts, start with a 22-day MA, reflecting roughly the number of trading days in a month, and see whether you can make it shorter. Whatever length you decide to use, be sure to test it on your own data. If you track just a handful of markets, you’ll have enough time to try different lengths of moving averages until you get smoothly flowing lines.

当我写《以交易为生》的时候，我用13日均线，但是最近几年，我改到更长的时间，以往抓住更重要的趋势，避免洗盘。要分析周线图，用26周均线，代表了半年的数据。你可以试试把时间参数变小，看看在不牺牲均线平滑的情况下，你是否能做好。在日线图上，用22日均线，大概反映了一个月的天数，你可以看看是否能把时间设的更小。不管你用什么时间参数，一定要用你自己的数据测试。如果你跟踪很多市场，你要有足够的时间测试不同时间参数，直到你找到平滑的均线。

The width of any indicator time window is best expressed in bars rather than days. The computer doesn’t know whether you are analyzing daily, monthly, or hourly charts; it sees only bars. Whatever we say about a daily MA applies to the weekly or the monthly. It’s better to call it a 22-bar MA rather than a 22-day MA.

时间参数的设置最好用竹线，不要用天。电脑不知道你是在分析日线图，周线图或小时图，电脑只知道竹线。不管我们说的是日均线，周均线或月均线，最好还是叫做22条均线，而不是22天均线。

Mathematically savvy traders can look into using adaptive moving averages whose length changes in response to market conditions, as advocated by John Ehlers, Tushar Chande, and Perry Kaufman. Ehlers’ latest book, Rocket Science for Traders, delves into adapting all indicators to current market conditions.

聪明的交易者可以使用自适应均线，它的时间参数随时市场环境变化而变化。约翰·埃勒斯，图莎·钱德，佩里·考夫曼支持这个方法。埃勒斯的最后一本书《交易者的火箭科学》就研究了如何让所有指标适应目前的市场状况。

What Type of Moving Average? A simple MA adds up prices in its time window and divides the sum by the width of that window. For example, for a 10-day simple MA of closing prices, add up closing prices for the past 10 days and divide the sum by 10. The trouble with a simple MA is that each price affects it twice - when it comes in and when it drops out. A high new value pushes up the moving average, giving a buy signal. This is good; we want our MAs to respond to new prices. The trouble is that 10 days later, when that high number drops from the window, the MA also drops, giving a sell signal. This is ridiculous because if we shorten a simple MA by one day, we’ll get that sell signal a day sooner, and if we lengthen it by a day, we’ll get it a day later. We can engineer our own signals by fiddling with the length of a simple MA!

什么类型的均线？简单的均线就是把时间参数内的价格加总，然后除以时间参数的数值。比如，10日简单均线，把10天的收盘价加总，再除以10。简单均线的麻烦是每个价格影响了2次——进来时和出去时。新的高价推高了均线，提示买入信号。这不错，我们需要均线对价格有反应。问题是，10天后，当那个高价被剔出后，均线又下跌了，提示卖出信号。这太荒谬了，我们提前一天，我们就提前得到了卖出信号，如果我们加一天，我们就推迟一天得到信号。我们可以自己通过改变简单均线的时间参数来改变信号！

An exponential moving average (EMA) overcomes this problem. It reacts only to incoming prices, to which it assigns more weight. It does not drop old prices from its time window, but slowly squeezes them out with the passage of time.

指数移动平均线（张轶注：EMA在后面全部翻译成均线，请留心，因为作者大多指这个均线）克服了这个问题。它只对新价格有反应，给最新的价格最大的权重。它不会把老价格剔除，只是慢慢地把它们挤出去。

EMA=Ptoday·K+EMAyesterday·(1-K)

Where

这里的定义

K=2/(N+1)

N= the number of days in the EMA (selected by trader)

N=均线所使用的天数（交易者自己决定）

Ptoday＝today’s price

Ptoday＝今天的价格

EMAyesterday＝the EMA of yesterday

EMAyesterday＝昨天的均线值

Few people calculate indicators by hand these days - computers do it faster and more accurately. If we decide to look at a 22-bar EMA of closing prices, K= 2/(22+1)=2/23=0.087. Multiply the latest closing price by that figure, multiply yesterday’s EMA by 0.913 (i.e., 1-0.087), add the two, and arrive at today’s EMA. Traders sometimes ask where to get an EMA in the beginning. Begin by calculating a 22-bar simple MA and then switch to the EMA. Most indicators require you to have one or two months of data before they start giving meaningful signals.

现在很少有人手算这些指标了——电脑算的更快，更准。如果我们想知道22日均线收盘价，K= 2/(22+1)=2/23=0.087。用最新的收盘价乘以这个数字，用0.913（也就是1-0.087）乘以昨天的均线值，加上这两个值，我们得到了今天的均线值。交易者有时问一开始怎么算均线值。先算22日的简单均线，然后转换成指数移动平均线。大部分指标都要求你提供一个月或两个月的数据，这样才会产生有意义的信号。

Trading Signals The most important message of a moving average is the direction of its slope. When the EMA rises, it shows that the crowd is becoming more optimistic and bullish, which is a good time to be long. When　it falls, it shows that the crowd is becoming more pessimistic and bearish. It　is a good time to be short.

交易信号　均线的重要信息是它的坡度。当均线上涨时，它表明大众很乐观，是多头，此时最好做多。当它下跌时，它表明大众很悲观，是空头，此时最好做空。

When a moving average points up, trade that market from the long side.　When a moving average points down, trade that market from the short side. As　a trader, you have three options: go long, go short, or stand aside. A moving average takes away one of those. When it points up, it prohibits you from shorting and tells you to go long or stand aside. When it points down, it prohibits you from buying and tells you to look only for shorts or stay out. When an EMA starts jerking up and down, it indicates a vacillating, trendless market; it is better to stop using trend-following methods. Continue to monitor the EMA, but take its signals at a discount until a new trend emerges.

当均线上涨时，考虑做多；当均线下跌时，考虑做空。作为交易者，你有3个选择：做多，做空，或观望。均线会提示一种方式。均线上涨，它禁止你做空，告诉你做多或观望。它下跌时，它禁止你做多，告诉你只能做空或观望。如果均线忽上忽下，这表明市场很犹豫，没有趋势，但是可以把它的信号作为一种妥协，直到新的趋势出现。

The only time when it is OK to override the message of a moving average is when trying to pick a bottom after a bullish divergence between MACD-Histogram (described below) and price. If you do that, be sure to use tight stops. If you succeed, bank your profits but do not think that the rules of the game have changed. A trader who thinks he is above the rules becomes careless and loses money.

唯一可以利用均线信号的时机是在MACD柱（后面会解释）和价格形成看涨背离的时候找到底部。如果你这么做了，一定要用严格的止损。如果你成功了，把利润存入银行，但不要以为这个游戏规则变了。交易者如果以为自己能战胜原则，他就会变得粗心，就会亏钱。

Enter long positions in the vicinity of a rising MA. Enter short positions in the vicinity of a falling MA. Use MA to differentiate between “value trades” and “greater fool theory trades.” Most uptrends are punctuated by declines, when prices return to the EMA. When we buy near the moving average, we buy value and can place a tight stop slightly below the EMA. If the rally resumes, we’ll make money, but if the market turns against us, the loss will be small. Buying near the EMA helps maximize gains and minimize risks.

在上涨的均线附近建仓做多。在下跌的均线附近建仓做空。用均线来区分“价值投资”和“傻瓜理论”。大部分上涨都会伴随着下跌，价格会回到均线。当我们在均线附近买入时，我们买的是价值，可以在均线下面一点设置止损点。如果上涨继续，我们就赚钱；但是如果市场下跌，亏损也不多。在均线附近买入能帮助利润最大化，风险最小化。

Figure 5.5 Moving Average - Major Trend

图5.5 均线——主趋势

An exponential moving average is slow but steady, like a directional indicator on a steamroller. EMA works in all timeframes but shines on the weeklies, where it helps you stay with the major trend no matter how hard it tries to shake you off. Trading in the direction of a weekly moving average should help you get ahead of many traders. You can position yourself in the direction of the EMA and hold, or else trade in and out, using daily charts.

均线慢但是稳定，像方向指标。均线在不同的时间周期都可以使用，但在周线图上表现最好，能帮助你待在主趋势上，无论市场怎么洗盘都不必下来。在周线图上按照均线的方向交易，表明你比其他交易者强。你可以利用日线图上的均线建仓，或进进出出。

This 26-week EMA has tracked the entire glorious bull market in YHOO, from its obscure beginnings, to the breathtaking $250 peak, and back into the doghouse. If you wake up in the morning, look at the weekly EMA, and trade in its direction, you will not be in too bad a shape!

本图利用26周均线跟踪了雅虎公司整个辉煌的上涨，慢慢地开始，达到最高点250，然后跌回原形。如果你早上起来，看着周线图上的均线，按照它的方向买入，结果肯定不差！

There are no perfect indicators, and an EMA has its share of difficulties when markets go flat. When the EMA starts to quiver, as it did in 1999, it is time to stand aside or trade short term, not counting on a major trend.

没有完美的指标，当市场走平时均线的缺点就暴露了。当均线开始振荡时，就像1999年，此时最好观望，或做短线，不要指望有大趋势。

Notice the three tails in YHOO (and the fourth, not as pure as the first three). Every time there was a tail, the price got halved within weeks.

注意雅虎的3条尾巴（第4条不明显）。只要出现了尾巴，股价在数周内就跌了一半。

At the right edge of the chart prices are flat and EMA is declining. Prices are closer to the bottom than they are to the top, but there is no rush to buy. Let the EMA flatten out and tick up before positioning for a new major bull move.

在图的右边，价格走平，均线在下跌。价格接近底部，但没有必要冲动去买。等均线走平并上涨，再开始进仓，等待上涨。

Figure 5.6 Value Trades and Greater Fool Theory Trades

图5.6 价值交易和傻瓜理论（张轶注：本书中的价值就是指均值，不要理解错了）

When you buy near a rising moving average, you buy value (points D and F). Waiting for such opportunities requires patience, but it is infinitely safer than chasing rallies. Those who buy high above the EMA pay above value, hoping to meet a greater fool who will pay them even more. Anxious traders who buy near the tops (points C and E) get shaken out, or else they tensely wait to get out at breakeven.

当你在均线附近买入，你买的是价值（D点和F点）。等待这样的机会需要耐心，但绝对比追高安全。在均线之上太高的地方买的人，希望能等到傻瓜，其实是要自己买单的。焦急的交易者在高点买入（C点和E点），会被洗出来，或者是焦急地等待不亏不赚时出场。

Many stocks and futures have typical behavior patterns, and you should try to identify them and use them. At the time of this writing, EBAY likes to have kangaroo tails (A, B, C, and E). The C tail had the most classical shape, but others worked also. Knowing what pattern to expect helps you recognize it a little sooner when it appears.

很多股票和期货有典型的行为模式，你应该尽量确认和使用它们。在写这个的时候，易贝股票准备出现代鼠尾巴（A，B，C和E）。C尾巴是最经典的形状，其它几个则一般。如果你知道你在等待什么模式，这样当它出现时你能很快就认出来。

At the right edge of the chart the EMA has stopped rising and begun to flutter. The bull move is over. If you are a trend trader, it is time to move over to other, trending stocks. Keep an eye on EBAY, waiting for a new trend to emerge.

在图的右边，均线停止上涨，开始振荡。上涨结束了。如果你是趋势交易者，此时应该换股票了，换到有趋势的股票。同时盯着易贝，等它形成新的趋势。

If we buy high above the EMA, our actions say, “I am a fool, I am overpaying, but I hope to meet a greater fool down the road who’ll pay me even more.” Betting on the greater fool theory is a poor idea. There are very few fools in the markets. Financial markets do not attract foolish people, and counting on them is a losing proposition.

如果我们在均线上面很高的地方买，等于在说：“我是傻瓜，我买贵了，但是我希望有另外一个傻瓜用更贵的价格买走。”用傻瓜理论来赌是糟糕的，期望有傻瓜接盘，这是失败的计划。

There are times when wild rallies in high-flying stocks seem to vindicate the greater fool theory. Stocks with no assets or earnings can fly on hot air. A value trader who feels he is missing those spectacular moves has a choice. He can stick to his method, soberly saying, “Can’t catch them all.” Or he may decide, “When living with the wolves, howl like a wolf” and start buying upside breakouts. If you do that, remember, you are now engaged in greater fool theory trading and the only asset separating you from the manic crowd is your risk control - your stops and money management.

有时候，股票飙升，似乎违反了傻瓜理论。没有资金或收益的股票可以飞的很高。价值交易者觉得自己错过了大波动。他可以坚持自己的方法，清醒地说：“不能追了。”或者他可以决定：“既然和狼一起生活，就要像狼一样嚎叫。”他开始在突破出买入。如果你这么做，记住，你在根据傻瓜理论交易，能把你和疯狂大众分开的唯一方法是——你的止损和资金管理。

The same rules apply to shorting in downtrends. When you go short on a rally to the EMA, you are selling value - before the market reverses and starts destroying value again. A greater fool theorist shorts far below the EMA - the farther away, the greater the fool.

在下跌趋势做空时也可以用同样的原则。当你在反弹时做空，你在卖出价格——当市场反弹时，再次摧毁价值。傻瓜理论实践者在均线下面很低的地方做空——越低越傻。

Use a system of dual moving averages to identify trends and enter positions. You may select an EMA that tracks your market well, but it moves　so explosively that prices never react back to that EMA, denying you a chance to put on a value trade. To solve this problem, you can add a second moving average. Use the longer EMA to indicate the trend, and the shorter to find entry points.

利用双线系统去确认趋势和进场点。也许你使用一条均线跟踪市场，效果不错，但是当市场飙涨时，价格根本不回到均线，你无法做价值交易。为了解决这个问题，你可以再加一条均线。用长期均线来指明趋势，用短期均线找到进场点。

Suppose you find that a 22-day EMA does a good job identifying trends in your market. Plot it, but then divide its length in half and plot an 11-day EMA on the same screen in a different color. Continue to use the 22-day EMA to identify bull and bear moves, but use pullbacks to the shorter EMA to identify entry points.

假如你发现22日均线可以很好地确认市场趋势。可以用它画图，还可以把它对半变成11日均线，2者可以用在同一个屏幕上，用不同的颜色区分。继续使用22日均线确认上涨和下跌的波动，但是用回调到11日均线来确认进场点。

Moving averages help identify trends and decide whether to trade long or short. They help mark value areas for entering trades. To find exit points, we turn to our next tool, channels on moving averages.

均线可以帮助确认趋势，决定是否做多或做空。它们能帮助指出价值区域，以方便进场交易。要找到出场点，我们会谈下一个工具，均线的通道。

Channels

Markets are manic-depressive beasts. They rise in powerful rallies, only　to collapse in breathtaking declines. A stock catches the public’s fancy, shoots up 20 points one day, and then slides 24 points down the next. What drives those moves? Fundamental values change slowly, but wavesof greed, fear, optimism, and despair drive prices up and down.